Can a record be checked independently?
We study signatures, public append-only logs, and independent witnesses: ways to check a record without relying entirely on whoever keeps it.
Our work brings cryptography, independent verification, and adversarial testing to the records people rely on.

Digital records travel further than the people who create them. Their evidence should travel with them.
A claim should come with evidence someone else can inspect, question, and check.
Verification should not depend on an account, a gatekeeper, or the continued goodwill of the record’s keeper.
The reasoning and methods behind a proof should be open to independent examination.
We study signatures, public append-only logs, and independent witnesses: ways to check a record without relying entirely on whoever keeps it.
We explore evidence for interactions with AI services, so people can examine the inputs and outputs behind work they rely on.
We care about portable evidence, inspectable methods, and checks that can run on a person’s own computer.
Three experiments. Real cryptography. No account.
Change the sentence yourself. Compare its fingerprint with the starting point.
Your turn: change a word above. Watch the fingerprint respond.
This is the reference sentence.
A fingerprint reveals a change. It doesn’t tell you whether a statement is true. Everything you type stays in your browser.
Change the message. Does the signature hold?
Sign a message. Change it. Check it again.
A digital signature binds particular bytes to a key. The check fails when the signed message changes.
This example generates an ephemeral P-256 key on your device. It demonstrates message integrity and possession of that key—not a person’s identity or the truth of the message.
Write something. Sign it. Then edit your words.
Create a signature, then test what happens when the message changes.
Rewrite the middle. Watch what follows.
Each record below includes the previous fingerprint in its own calculation. Edit the middle record: the first stays the same, while the next two change.
All three records match their starting fingerprints.
This is a local hash-link illustration. A person who controls every record could recalculate the whole chain. An independently held checkpoint or witness is what makes a rewrite independently detectable.
